滿族統治者需要找出一套佔領、統御與治理其領土的方法。「彙整」—將不同人群、地區以及事物間的關係加以命名與分類—即為標識與佔據帝國的一種方式。如乾隆皇帝推動的《四庫全書》的彙整計畫，便可讓王朝得以透過對知識的命名與安排，宣告對於天下所有事物的擁有權。而滿族對離宮型皇家園林的建築類型系統、國內外的各個景點與種族所採用，亦均統攝於其帝國架構中。

本文以熱河避暑山莊為例，檢視這種「彙整」的方式。經歷過清初的數次南巡後，滿清帝國對於政治與軍事的注意力轉向北方。避暑山莊在康熙及乾隆年間興築，為滿族的第一座「離宮型皇家園林」，開啟新的建築類型分類法。位於北京東北方180公里處的避暑山莊是因其對健康有益的環境而受到青睞。由於當時對於天花的恐懼，使得清廷選擇了這塊相對不受疾病威脅的區域，以便與邊界藩屬會面。

避暑山莊透過皇家園林象徵性的佈局，以花園以及建築各單元的設計，可以證明「彙整」的存在。此外，透過版畫插圖、詩作、繪畫與地圖，有關避暑山莊的知識廣為中國與西方大眾所知。清廷藉由印刷與其他視覺媒材，將避暑山莊表現得宛若神仙樂園。就像「揉輔齊」—這座樂園的中央是皇帝的居所，周圍環繞的是全國各地與邊境外著名景點的仿製品。

透過造園、建築、收集以及印刷種種彙整方式的實踐，帝王們不僅界定了帝國的秩序，同時也從實體的、宗教的、種族的和認識論等各方面宣告著他們對帝國領土擁有的主權。

The Manchu rulers needed to find ways to occupy, order, and govern their realm. Archiving—naming and categorizing relationships between people, places, and things—was a means to map and occupy empire. Archival projects such as the Qianlong emperor’s Siku quanshu encyclopedia allowed the dynasty to claim possession of all under heaven by the naming and ordering of knowledge. Likewise, in the Manchu architectural typology of the imperial garden-palace, sites and peoples across the nation and the world were encompassed within the framework of empire.

This paper examines the architectural design of the Imperial Summer Villa (Bishu Shanzhuang) at Rehe as an act of archiving. After the early imperial southern tours, political and military attention switched to the north. The Summer Villa was constructed during the Kangxi and Qianlong reigns, as the first Manchu “gardenpalace,” a new architectural typology. Situated 180 kilometers northeast of Beijing, the site was partly selected for its salutary environs. The fear of smallpox was part of the cultural mindset of the times, and necessitated a relatively disease-free location where the Qing court could meet with their frontier allies.

At the Summer Villa, archiving is demonstrated in the symbolic layout of the gardenpalace, and through the design of its component gardens and buildings. Additionally, it was through woodblock illustrations, poems, paintings, and maps that knowledge of the Villa was presented to a wide public audience in China and the West. It was through print and visual media that the Qing court was able to represent the Villa as an immortals’ paradise. At the center of this paradise was the emperor’s residence, and around him, like “spokes around a hub,” were copied sites from around the country and beyond the borders.

Through the archival practice of gardening, architecture, collecting, and printing the emperors not only defined an order for the empire, but they also laid claim to the physical, religious, ethnic, and epistemological territories of their empire.

建築; 避暑山莊; 乾隆皇帝; 離宮型皇家園林; 彙整

Architecture; Bishu Shanzhuang; Qianlong Emperor; Imperial garden-palace; Archiving