現代女性是印象主義的一大題材。室內梳洗與河畔浴女的題材變化尤其引人注目，表徵著一八六○年代以後法國社會的劇烈變動。洗浴圖屬於一八八○年以後最壯觀的塞尚作品。他的浴女圖中，人物形象粗略，卻因為風景的筆觸與色彩振動效果，而顯得頗有表情。同一畫面中人數日益眾多，頗有烏托邦意味。塞尚的浴女圖數量頗多，又與男性浴者畫法接近。他將兩性分離而又相類處理，並非只是心理投射，更是針對十九世紀下半法國社會的性別問題。塞尚的人物畫與他描繪的現代生活一向被漠視。近年洗浴圖逐漸引起心理分析的探索，但多只注意人物本身或特定造形。本文透過一系列《貝莎貝》，解釋一八七五年左右塞尚將裸女畫從室內轉到戶外。畫家運用漫畫的易位手法，將表現重點從人物轉移到風景。一八八○年以後，他的洗浴圖反映波特萊爾的自然感應論，追求人與原始自然的和諧，反映當代兩性關係的變動。從塞尚的途徑來看，印象主義風景展現人的主觀情感，不只是客觀地再現自然。

Modern woman is one of the major Impressionist subjects. The variations on indoor toilette and outdoor baigneuses are particularly fascinating, signaling the radical change of French society since the 1860s. From 1880 onward, bath scenes are among the most spectacular works of Cezanne. In his female bathers, the rough figures are rendered almost expressive by the vibrating touches and colors of the landscape. The personages become numerous in the 1890s, while the landscapes turn more vibrating with differentiated touches. Cezanne’s numerous female bathers are not very different from his bathers. Cezanne’s separation and assimilation of the two sexes are not only psychological reflection, but also pinpoint the gender problem in France in the second half of the nineteenth century. Cezanne’s figure painting and modern subjects had not been duly considered until recent psychological approaches concerning his bathers. Such studies, however, focus on the figures or some certain shapes. I trace a series depicting Bathsheba and explain how Cezanne transfers his nudes from toilette setting to bath scenes around 1875. Adopting the technique of transposition in caricature, he stresses on the landscapes rather than on the figures. His bath scenes after 1880 tune to Baudelairean correspondences in pursuit of the primeval harmony between man and nature, reflecting contemporary gender relationship. Viewed from Cezanne’s approach, Impressionist landscapes are expressions of human emotion, not only the objective representations of nature.

十九世紀；印象主義；波特萊爾；塞尚；漫畫；自然；感應；女性

Baudelaire；Caricature；Cézanne；correspondences；Impressionism；nature；nineteenth century；woman