杜甫認同儒學，自居儒者，他在詩歌中則開創了通過「腐儒」書寫來刻畫自我的傳統，造就了關於「腐儒」的四個基本形象，並藉此表達複雜而混合的感受與情志：雖然失落，但不沉淪，而是出以自嘲的態度，高揚自奮不息的精神。「腐儒」之形象及其所承載的精神由此照耀中國詩歌史。杜詩在清代的影響與傳承，可以藉由「腐儒」書寫這一例證而窺其一斑。清詩有繼承，也有發展，更具有鮮明的時代特色。首先體現在「腐儒」書寫會投射出清代學術文化的發展變化之跡。漢學與宋學、學者與文人之爭是清代士人階層分化的表現，不同身份的人在使用「腐儒」時具有各自的意涵。更重要的是，杜甫藉由「腐儒」所表達的三種基本感受：自失、自嘲和自奮，清人都能在詩歌創作時承而出變。具有最多變形的是表現無力感的那類詩歌，清詩中產生了五種子形式。清代士人似乎越來越無力承擔社會的領導之責。值得慶幸的是，當他們通過描寫「腐儒餐」來表達自嘲時，尚未喪失其幽默感。尤其在吃的東西和味道上，清人都有細膩刻畫，能生出新意。最讓人動容的還是少數詩人藉由「腐儒」書寫所傳遞的忠勤與不屈的精神，可謂深得老杜「腐儒」書寫之真意。這種倔強兀傲的精神綿遞不絕，在清代尤以湯鵬用楚騷筆致寫「腐儒」心事，最值稱道。

Du fu accepted Confucianism, and considered himself a Confucian. He pioneered the poetic tradition of depicting himself through the writings of the Confucian hack. His poems created four basic images of the Confucian hack, and expressed complex feelings and emotions which were self-deactivation, self-deprecation and Self-motivation. The image and spirit of the Confucian hack had a great influence on the history of Chinese poetry. The influence and inheritance of Du Fu’s poetry in the Qing Dynasty could be examined by the example of the writing of the Confucian hack. The poetry of the Qing Dynasty, while inheriting and developing of Du Fu, had the distinct characteristics of the times. First of all, the writings of the Confucian hack reflected the development and change of the academic culture of the Qing Dynasty. The scholars of the Qing Dynasty began to divide, and the expression of differentiation was the argument between the Han scholars and the Song scholars ,and between scholars and literati. So people of different identities had different meanings when using the phrase of confucian hack. More importantly, self-deactivation, self-deprecation and Self-motivation, the three basic feelings expressed by the writing of confucian hack in Du Fu’s poems were all inherited and changed in the Qing poetry. The poetry about powerlessness had the most deformations those had five subforms of variations. This phenomenon reflected the fact that the scholastics in the Qing Dynasty were increasingly unable to shoulder the responsibility of social leadership. Fortunately, the second type poetry about self-deprecation still saved the sense of humor of Du Fu’s Poems. When the poets in the Qing Dynasty described the foods and the tastes, their descriptions were subtle and innovative. The third hand, a few poets were the true heirs of the writing of the Confucian hack of Du Fu whose loyal and unyielding sprits always touches their readers. In these poets, Tang Peng who combined the characteristics of Chu Ci and Du Fu's poems was the most typical representative.

腐儒; 杜甫; 清詩; 自失; 自嘲; 自奮

Confucian hack; Du Fu; the Qing poetry; self-deactivation; self-deprecation; Self-motivation