本文嘗試由圖像運用的角度來重新檢視魏晉至北魏平城時期墓葬文化的變遷過程。魏晉時期盛行薄葬，促使設奠、神座、靈牀成為墓葬中的重要陳設，表現出靈魂僅暫時憑依於墓室，而非永久居住於墓室的生死觀。這類陳設並反過來影響墓室壁畫的布局，促使墓奠與壁畫之間出現互動關係，祭器、帷帳、正面墓主像結合成一完整的祭祀單元。北魏建國之後代人集團趨向採厚葬，恢復寢廟並建立墓碑，重新在墓葬中有系統地運用圖像，強化墓室作為地下居室的象徵性，然與此同時，魏晉薄葬的陳設卻也以新的面貌保留下來，逐漸發展出綜合了漢晉制度與鮮卑故俗的新型墓葬文化，本文稱之為「平城型厚葬」。為求深化墓葬圖像研究本文提出「圖像觀」的議題，嘗試兼顧鮮卑故俗、漢晉文化、佛教信仰等多重因素來探究代人集團觀看／運用墓葬圖像的方式。

This paper tries to re-examine the transformation of mortuary cultures from the Wei-Jin period to the Northern Wei Pingcheng period from the perspective of the use of images. The prevailing practices of austere burials in the Wei-Jin dynasties make the offerings, spirit seats, and spirit beds become important installations in the tombs. Those practices reveal a new idea about the afterlife that the spirits of the deceased only reside in the tombs temporarily rather than permanently. Those practices had also influenced the layout of the murals in the tombs, and a reciprocal relationship can be confirmed between the murals and the offerings. The altar, tent, and the frontal image of the tomb occupants together form a complete ritual unit.

In the Northern Wei Pingcheng period, members of the Dai group on the other hand tended to adopt the practice of lavish burials again, building shrines, erecting tomb tablets, as well as using images systematically. The belief of the tombs being the dwelling for the afterlife had once again been stressed, while some elements of the austere burials had also been preserved. In this paper, the new hybrid mortuary culture of the Pingcheng period is referred to as “the lavish burial style of Pingcheng.” In order to deepen our understanding of the study of mortuary images, the author suggests that an examination of the contemporary cultural attitude toward images would be beneficial. By considering the Xianbei’s indigenous customs, Buddhist belief, and Han-Jin traditional cultures, the author tries to deliver a more comprehensive understanding of the way how these mortuary images were perceived and manipulated in the political context of the Dai group.

魏晉; 北魏; 薄葬; 厚葬; 墓中設奠; 圖像

Wei-Jin period; Northern Wei dynasty; austere burials; lavish burials; offerings in tombs; images